Synthesis and characterization of CMC-wrapped Nano-ZnO for photocatalytic degradation of dye under sunlight
Keywords:
ZnO-CMC NSc; FTIR; XRD analysis; calcination; photocatalyst; methylene blue
Abstract
This research work focused on studying the fabrication of biopolymer carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) wrapped ZnO nano-composite materials (ZnO-CMC NCs) and its applications in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) using under sunlight Irradiation. ZnO-CMC NCs were synthesized by using zinc acetate dihydrate as a precursor under alkaline conditions followed by the addition of capping agent CMC followed by calcination at various temperatures. The materials were characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis and powder XRD studies. The presence of CMC as a capping agent not only facilitated the nucleation and growth of (nanoparticles) NPs but also it provided stability and functionalization to the NPs. The varying calcination temperature played a significant role in influencing the size of NCs during the synthesis process. The crystallite size of ZnO-CMC NCs were found to be 19.5959 nm, 21.2518 nm, 23.5000 nm, 27.5930 nm, 34.9789 nm at 250°C, 350°C, 450°C, 550°C, and 650°C calcinations temperature respectively. It was observed that size increases slightly by increasing the calcination temperature from 250°C to 450°C. However, further increase in calcination temperature increases crystallite size significantly. The degradation of MB dye has been studies under UV-Vis spectrophotometer and it was observed that synthesized ZnO-CMC NCs were very efficient in the photocatalytic degradation of MB under natural sunlight. We believe that, these synthesized CMC-wrapped ZnO NCs will find wide range of photocatalytic applications for the treatment of organic pollutants in various dyes used in the chemical industries.
References
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39. AnandV& Srivastava VC. Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis by electrochemical method: Optimization of parameters for maximization of productivity and characterization. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015; 636: 288-292.doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.189
40. Safeera TA, Anila EI .Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanophosphor by microwave combustion technique. Int J Recent InnovEng Res 2017; 2(7):21–25.
41. Kayani ZN, Saleemi F, Batool I. Effect of calcinationTemperature on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 2015;12(2):75–80.doi:10.1007/s00339-015-9019-1
42. Xiong G, Pal U, Serrano JG, Ucer KB, Williams RT .Photoluminescence and FTIR study of ZnO nanoparticles: TheImpurity and defect perspective. Phys Status Solidi Curr Top SolidStatePhys 2006; 3(10):3577–3581.doi:10.1002/pssc.200672164
43. Kołodziejczak-Radzimska A, Markiewicz E & Jesionowski T .Structural characterisation of ZnO particles obtained by the emulsion precipitation method. Journal of Nanomaterials 2012; 2012:15-15. doi:10.1155/2012/656353
44. Ibrahim NA, Nada AA, Hassabo AG, Eid BM, Noor El-Deen A M& Abou-Zeid NY Effect of different capping agents on physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Chemical Papers 2017; 71: 1365-1375.doi: 10.1007/s11696-017-0132-9
45. Xiong G, Pal U, Serrano JG, UcerKB, Williams RT .Photoluminescence and FTIR study of ZnO nanoparticles: Theimpurity and defect perspective. Phys Status Solidi Curr Top SolidStatePhys2006; 3(10):3577–3581. doi: 10.1002/pssc.200672164
46. Kayani ZN, Saleemi F & Batool I .Effect of calcination temperature on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Applied Physics A 2015; 119, 713-720.doi: 10.1007/s00339-015-9019-1
2. TanHW, An J, Chua CK & Tran T. Metallic nanoparticle inks for 3D printing of electronics. Advanced Electronic Materials 2019; 5(5):1800831doi: 10.1002/aelm.201800831
3. SaundersBR, Hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells: Preparation, principles and challenges. Journal of colloid and interface science 2012; 369(1):1-15doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.016
4. Das PK, Mohanty C, Purohit GK, Mishra S & Palo S . Nanoparticle assisted environmental remediation: Applications, toxicological implications and recommendations for a sustainable environment. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 2022; 1:100679.doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100679
5. Ghule, K, Ghule AV, Chen BJ & Ling YC. Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles coated paper and its antibacterial activity study. Green Chemistry, 8(12), 1034-1041.doi: 10.1039/B605623G
6. Rasmussen JW, Martinez E, Louka P & Wingett DG. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for selective destruction of tumor cells and potential for drug delivery applications. Expert opinion on drug delivery 2010; 7(9):1063-1077.doi: 10.1517/17425247.2010.502560
7. Zvyagin AV, Zhao X, Gierden A, Sanchez W, Ross JA & Roberts MS. Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Journal of biomedical optics2008;13(6) : 064031-064031.doi:10.1117/1.3041492
8. Cheng N, Tian J, Liu Q, Ge C, Qusti AH, Asiri AM, & Sun X. Au-nanoparticle-loaded graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets: green photocatalytic synthesis and application toward the degradation of organic pollutants. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2013; 5(15): 6815-6819.doi: 10.1021/am401802r
9. Bindhu MR, Saranya P, Sheeba M, Vijilvani C, Rejiniemon TS, Al-Mohaimeed, A M &ElshikhMS. Functionalization of gold nanoparticles by β-cyclodextrin as a probe for the detection of heavy metals in water and photocatalytic degradation of textile dye. Environmental Research2021; 201: 111628.doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111628
10. Guo Z, Pereira T, Choi O, Wang Y& Hahn, HT. Surface functionalized alumina nanoparticle filled polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry2006; 16(27): 2800-2808 .doi: 10.1039/b603020c
11. Wang H, Liang Y, Gong M, Li Y, Chang W, Mefford T& DaiH. An ultrafast nickel–iron battery from strongly coupled inorganic nanoparticle/nanocarbon hybrid materials. Nature communications 2012; 3(1): 917. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1921
12. Mokhtarzadeh A, Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Pashazadeh P, Hejazi M, Gharaatifar N, Hasanzadeh, M, & de la Guardia M . Nanomaterial-based biosensors for detection of pathogenic virus. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2017; 97: 445-457.doi:10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.005
13. Ndolomingo M J, Bingwa N, &Meijboom R. Review of supported metal nanoparticles: synthesis methodologies, advantages and application as catalysts. Journal of Materials Science2020; 55(15): 6195-6241. doi: 10.1007/s10853-020-04415-x
14. Sharma D, Rajput J, Kaith BS, Kaur M& Sharma S. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and study of their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Thin solid films 2010; 519(3):1224-1229.doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2010.08.073
15. Osmond MJ&Mccall MJ. Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: an analysis of potential exposure and hazard. Nanotoxicology2010;4(1):15-41.doi :10.3109/17435390903502028
16. Ha NH, Thinh DD, Huong NT, Phuong NH, Thach PD& HongHS. Fast response of carbon monoxide gas sensors using a highly porous network of ZnO nanoparticles decorated on 3D reduced graphene oxide. Applied Surface Science 2018; 434: 1048-1054.doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.047
17. Strunk J, Kähler K, Xia X & MuhlerM. The surface chemistry of ZnO nanoparticles applied as heterogeneous catalysts in methanol synthesis. Surface science 2009; 603(10-12): 1776-1783.doi: 10.1016/j.susc.2008.09.063
18. Uthirakumar P, Kim HG & Hong CH. Zinc oxide nanostructures derived from a simple solution method for solar cells and LEDs. Chemical Engineering Journal 2009; 155(3): 910-915 .doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.025
19. Pradeeswari K, Venkatesan A, Pandi P, Karthik K, Krishna KH & Kumar RM. Study on the electrochemical performance of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via non-aqueous sol-gel route for supercapacitor applications. Materials Research Express 2019;6(10):105525.doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab3cae
20. Bisht G & RayamajhiS. ZnO nanoparticles: a promising anticancer agent. Nanobiomedicine 2016; 3: 9.doi: 10.5772/63437
21. Singh A, Gautam PK, Verma A, Singh V, Shivapriya PM, Shivalkar S & Samanta SK . Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles as effective alternatives to treat antibiotics resistant bacterialinfections: Areview. BiotechnologyReports2020;25:e00427.doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00427
22. Rahman MS, Hasan MS, Nitai AS, Nam S, Karmakar AK, Ahsan MS & Ahmed MB Recent developments of carboxymethylcellulose.Polymers 2021;13(8): 1345.doi: 10.3390/polym13081345
23. Sroková I, Tomanová V, Ebringerová A, Malovíková A& Heinze T. Water‐soluble amphiphilic o‐(carboxymethyl) cellulose derivatives–synthesis and properties. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2004; 289(1): 63-69 .doi: 10.1002/mame.200300124
24. Alam K, Ahmed M, Akter S, Islam N& Eun J B . Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and starch as thickening agents on the quality of tomato ketchup. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2009; 8(8): 1144-1149.
25. Cai Z, Wu J, Du B& Zhang H. Impact of distribution of carboxymethyl substituents in the stabilizer of carboxymethyl cellulose on the stability of acidified milk drinks. Food hydrocolloids 2018; 76 :150-157.doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.12.034
26. Ghanbarzadeh B& Almasi, H. Physical properties of edible emulsified films based on carboxymethyl cellulose and oleic acid. International journal of biological Macromolecules2011; 48(1): 44-49.doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.09.014
27. Salama HE, Aziz, MSA, &Alsehli, M .Carboxymethyl cellulose/sodium alginate/chitosan biguanidine hydrochloride ternary system for edible coatings. International journal of biological macromolecules 2019; 139: 614-620. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.008
28. ButunS,Ince FG, Erdugan H &SahinerN . One-step fabrication of biocompatible carboxymethyl cellulose polymeric particles for drug delivery systems. Carbohydrate polymers 2021; 86(2): 636-643. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.001
29. ZenniferA, Senthilvelan P, Sethuraman S &Sundaramurth, D. Key advances of carboxymethyl cellulose in tissue engineering & 3D bioprinting applications. Carbohydrate Polymers 2021; 256: 117561. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117561
30. He F, Zhao, D, Liu, J & Roberts CB. Stabilization of Fe− Pd nanoparticles with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for enhanced transport and dechlorination of trichloroethylene in soil and groundwater. p; 46(1):29-34. doi: 10.1021/ie0610896
31. Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Abd Rahman N& Nai-Shang, L. pH-responsive poly (lactic acid)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose film for enhanced delivery of curcumin in vitro. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology2020; 58:101787.doi; 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101787
32. Othman, NEA, Ismail F, AzizAA & Wahab NA. Preparation and Characterization of Palm-Based Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Application in Food Additive. University of Florida2021; 11: 13053-13063. doi: 10.33263/BRIAC115.1305313063
33. Khan I, Saeed K, Zekker I, ZhangB, Hendi AH, Ahmad A& Khan I. Review on methylene blue: Its properties, uses, toxicityand photodegradation. Water2022; 14(2): 242.doi:10.3390/w14020242
34. Alwan RM, Kadhim QA, Sahan KM, Ali RA, Mahdi RJ, Kassim NA & Jassim AN. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles via sol–gel route and their characterization. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology2015; 5(1): 1-6.doi: 10.5923/j.nn.20150501.01
35. RaoufiD. Synthesis and microstructural properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by precipitation method. Renewable Energy 2013; 50: 932-937.doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.076
36. Madathil ANP, Vanaja KA & Jayaraj MK. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. In Nanophotonic materials IV 2007;6639: 47-55.doi: 10.1117/12.730364
37. Hasanpoor M, Aliofkhazraei M &Delavari HJPMS. Microwave-assisted synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Procedia Materials Science 2015; 11: 320-325doi: 10.1016/j.mspro.2015.11.101
38. Bai X, Li L, Liu H, Tan, L, Liu T & Meng X. Solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles andanti-infection application in vivo. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2015; 7(2): 1308-1317.doi:10.1021/am507532p
39. AnandV& Srivastava VC. Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis by electrochemical method: Optimization of parameters for maximization of productivity and characterization. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015; 636: 288-292.doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.189
40. Safeera TA, Anila EI .Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanophosphor by microwave combustion technique. Int J Recent InnovEng Res 2017; 2(7):21–25.
41. Kayani ZN, Saleemi F, Batool I. Effect of calcinationTemperature on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 2015;12(2):75–80.doi:10.1007/s00339-015-9019-1
42. Xiong G, Pal U, Serrano JG, Ucer KB, Williams RT .Photoluminescence and FTIR study of ZnO nanoparticles: TheImpurity and defect perspective. Phys Status Solidi Curr Top SolidStatePhys 2006; 3(10):3577–3581.doi:10.1002/pssc.200672164
43. Kołodziejczak-Radzimska A, Markiewicz E & Jesionowski T .Structural characterisation of ZnO particles obtained by the emulsion precipitation method. Journal of Nanomaterials 2012; 2012:15-15. doi:10.1155/2012/656353
44. Ibrahim NA, Nada AA, Hassabo AG, Eid BM, Noor El-Deen A M& Abou-Zeid NY Effect of different capping agents on physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Chemical Papers 2017; 71: 1365-1375.doi: 10.1007/s11696-017-0132-9
45. Xiong G, Pal U, Serrano JG, UcerKB, Williams RT .Photoluminescence and FTIR study of ZnO nanoparticles: Theimpurity and defect perspective. Phys Status Solidi Curr Top SolidStatePhys2006; 3(10):3577–3581. doi: 10.1002/pssc.200672164
46. Kayani ZN, Saleemi F & Batool I .Effect of calcination temperature on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Applied Physics A 2015; 119, 713-720.doi: 10.1007/s00339-015-9019-1
