复杂地质条件下铁路高瓦斯隧道施工技术
ISBN:978-981-94-0552-7
Author:刘新福
Publishing Date:Aug-26-2024
Brief
中国是一个多山的国家，75% 左右的国土是山地或重丘，中国隧道及地下工程事 业自 20 世纪 80 年代以来，特别是进入 21 世纪以来得到了快速发展。随着经济的持 续发展、综合国力的不断提升及高新技术的不断应用，中国隧道及地下工程得到了前 所未有的迅速发展。中国正处于社会主义经济发展的重要时期，而基础设施建设在国 民经济中一直占有重要的地位。随着中国基础交通的建设和发展，穿越煤系地层、遭 遇瓦斯的隧道及地下工程越来越多，尤其是国家加大西南地区基础交通建设投入和建 设，穿越煤系地层、遭遇瓦斯的隧道越来越多、越来越长、施工条件越来越复杂。瓦 斯灾害是隧道工程建设中的重大地质灾害之一，主要表现有中毒、窒息、燃烧、爆炸、 煤与瓦斯突出等 5 种情况，其中以瓦斯爆炸最易发生，隧道中一旦发生瓦斯灾害，后 果往往十分严重。 中国在修建大量瓦斯隧道中，既积累了丰富的经验，也有深刻的教训，需要我们 认真总结。株六铁路复线的新岩脚寨隧道、南昆铁路的家竹箐隧道、内昆铁路的朱嘎 隧道、水柏铁路的发耳隧道、宜万铁路的野三关隧道、合武铁路的红石岩隧道、广蓥 高速的华蓥山隧道、都汶高速的紫坪铺隧道是近几年修建的瓦斯隧道，这些隧道在修 建过程中都遇到了诸如瓦斯窒息、燃烧、爆炸事故和瓦斯突出的危险。例如，达成线 炮台山瓦斯隧道瓦斯爆炸死亡 13 人，停工 7 个月；新 213 国道友谊隧道先后发生瓦 斯燃烧、爆炸 40 余次，2004 年 12 月 7 日发生恶性瓦斯爆炸，死亡 60 人，11 人受伤 直接经济损失 2035 万元。 现阶段在隧道工程施工中大都采用钻爆法施工，铁路单线隧道与高速铁路隧道、 铁路双线隧道、公路隧道相比，施工断面相对狭小。复杂地质条件下铁路单线高瓦斯 隧道施工是制约整个工程施工速度的关键。本书基于复杂地质条件下铁路单线高瓦斯 隧道的施工方案、设备配置、地质灾害防治、瓦斯防治、施工安全、施工成本、施工 通风、施工技术等角度进行复杂地质条件下铁路单线高瓦斯隧道施工技术研究。
Catalog
0. 引言 ········································································································· 1
1. 概述 ········································································································· 2
1.1 概况····································································································· 2
1.2 依托工程特点························································································· 2
1.3 施工技术难点························································································· 4
1.3.1 有毒有害气体 ················································································· 4
1.3.2 浅埋、偏压采空堆积施工技术难度大 ··················································· 4
1.3.3 采空区密集复杂发育、无据可查、勘探难度大、施工隐患高 ····················· 6
1.3.4 地质条件复杂多变、煤系地层断面施工存在变形、塌方、突煤等安全隐患 ··· 7
1.3.5 煤层及煤系地层生烃能力较强，瓦斯生成量较大，煤层顶底板密封较好，瓦斯 压力高································································································· 8
1.4 国内外研究现状······················································································ 9
1.4.1 煤与瓦斯突出机理 ··········································································· 9
1.4.2 瓦斯运移扩散机理 ··········································································10
1.4.3 瓦斯隧道通风研究现状 ····································································12
1.4.4 隧道通风流场特征研究现状 ······························································13
1.4.5 隧道通风施工参数优化研究现状 ························································14
1.4.6 瓦斯隧道瓦斯防控研究现状 ······························································15
1.4.7 隧道塌方现场调查分析研究现状 ························································16
1.4.8 瓦斯隧道塌方治理研究现状 ······························································17
1.4.9 中国执行相关标准与技术发展现状 ·····················································17
1.5 主要研究内容························································································18
1.5.1 多变化移动范围全方位瓦斯准确监测关键技术 ······································18
1.5.2 通用设备高精度、专业化优化配套改装关键技术 ···································18
1.5.3 复杂地质条件隧道作业空间瓦斯防治关键施工技术 ································18
2. 主要研究关键技术 ······················································································19
2.1 多变化移动范围全方位瓦斯准确监测关键技术··············································19
2.2 主动式封孔深孔测压突出性预测技术··························································19
2.3 通用设备高精度、专业化配套改装关键技术·················································19
2.4 高瓦斯隧道施工供配电技术······································································19
2.5 复杂地质条件隧道作业空间瓦斯防治关键施工技术········································20
3. 多变化移动范围全方位瓦斯准确监测关键技术··························································· 20
3.1 瓦斯（CH4）的特性 ···············································································20
3.2 多数据自动集成监测系统原理···································································21
3.3 煤的破坏类型························································································22
3.4 便携式瓦检仪监测原理············································································22
3.5 自动监测与人工监测联合监测技术·····························································23
3.5.1 监测点的布置 ················································································25
3.5.2 监测设备的移动和保护 ····································································29
3.5.3 监测数据的信息化管理 ····································································30
3.6 关键技术小结························································································30
4. 主动式封孔深孔测压突出性预测技术 ······························································31
4.1 预测的方法···························································································31
4.2 主动式封孔深孔被动式测压技术································································32
4.2.1 预测孔的布置 ················································································33
4.2.2 主动式注浆封孔 ·············································································34
4.2.3 主动式封孔测压管 ··········································································35
4.2.4 瓦斯压力被动测压直接测定 ······························································35
4.3 瓦斯含量直接测定··················································································36
4.3.1 测定方法 ······················································································36
4.3.2 测定结果 ······················································································37
4.4 实验室参数测定·····················································································37
4.5 关键技术小结························································································38
5. 通用设备高精度、专业化配套改装关键技术 ·····················································38
5.1 目前瓦斯隧道施工专业设备状况································································38
5.2 瓦斯隧道设备要求··················································································38
5.3 防爆改装······························································································39
5.4 主动式防爆闭锁改装技术·········································································40
5.4.1 改装的原理 ···················································································40
5.4.2 改装的方法 ···················································································41
5.4.3 改装成本 ······················································································42
5.4.4 改装效果的验证 ·············································································42
5.5 关键技术小结························································································42
6. 高瓦斯隧道施工供配电技术 ··········································································43
6.1 统计法用电量计算··················································································43
6.2 施工供电······························································································44
6.2.1 正洞内施工供电 ·············································································44
6.2.2 平行导坑内施工供电 ·······································································45
6.2.3 备用电源 ······················································································45
6.2.4 照明用电 ······················································································45
6.3 安全用电技术措施··················································································47
6.3.1 与隧道瓦斯监控系统联锁控制 ···························································47
6.3.2 接地保护系统 ················································································47
6.3.3 设置检漏继电器 ·············································································47
6.3.4 防雷接地 ······················································································48
6.3.5 备用电源 ······················································································48
6.3.6 电气设备防爆性能的检查与处置 ························································48
6.3.7 瓦斯工区内低压动力电缆的选用应符合下列规定 ···································48
6.3.8 电缆的敷设应符合下列规定 ······························································48
6.3.9 瓦斯工区照明灯具的选用，应符合下列规定 ·········································49
6.3.10 使用安全电压···············································································49
6.3.11 洞内电气设备的设置按如下原则执行·················································49
6.3.12 电工及用电人员必须符合以下要求····················································49
6.3.13 电气设备的使用与维护···································································50
6.4 关键技术小结························································································51
7. 复杂地质条件隧道作业空间瓦斯防治关键施工技术 ············································51
7.1 瓦斯隧道工程施工特点············································································51
7.2 瓦斯隧道通风技术··················································································53
7.2.1 通风设计依据 ················································································54
7.2.2 通风设计标准 ················································································54
7.2.3 通风设计的原则 ·············································································54
7.2.4 总体通风设计方案 ··········································································55
7.2.5 压入式通风计算 ·············································································56
7.2.6 风机及风管配置 ·············································································57
7.2.7 非贯通巷道连续封闭空间压入式巷道通风加速回风技术 ··························57
7.2.8 双风路多渠道交替通风技术 ······························································61
7.2.9 通风管理 ······················································································62
7.2.10 小结···························································································63
7.3 瓦斯隧道降尘技术··················································································63
7.3.1 水压爆破降尘技术 ··········································································63
7.3.2 移动式阻降雾幕降尘技术 ·································································69
7.4 初期支护冷链接施工技术·········································································70
7.4.1 网片冷连接施工技术 ·······································································70
7.4.2 联系筋冷连施工技术 ·······································································70
7.4.3 预定位强固定锁脚定位冷连施工技术 ··················································71
7.5 采空区施工技术·····················································································73
7.5.1 瓦斯隧道采空区概述 ·······································································73
7.5.2 多方法并联式采空区探测技术 ···························································75
7.5.3 采空区超前加固施工技术 ·································································78
7.5.4 采空区预留加固快速施工技术 ···························································80
7.6 全煤断面变形控制施工技术······································································84
7.6.1 全煤断面隧道施工特点 ····································································84
7.6.2 煤系地层变形控制施工技术 ······························································85
7.7 深层水力引导快速排放防突技术································································90
7.7.1 钻机选型 ······················································································90
7.7.2 排放孔布置 ···················································································90
7.7.3 深孔注水水力引导快速排放 ······························································92
7.7.4 煤与瓦斯防突措施 ··········································································93
7.8 关键技术小结························································································93
8. 综合超前地质预报 ······················································································93
8.1 常用的超前地质预报方法及特点································································94
8.1.1 地质分析法 ···················································································95
8.1.2 工程地质调查法 ·············································································95
8.1.3 超前导洞（坑）法 ··········································································96
8.1.4 超前水平钻孔法 ·············································································96
8.1.5 断层参数预测法 ·············································································97
8.1.6 经验法 ·························································································97
8.1.7 地球物理法 ···················································································98
8.2 地质灾害综合超前预报方法与体系··························································· 102
8.2.1 实施综合超前地质预报的必要性和意义 ············································· 102
8.2.2 综合超前地质预报的含义 ······························································· 102
8.2.3 综合超前地质预报的原则 ······························································· 103
8.3 综合超前预报的方法、内容和手段··························································· 103
8.3.1 各种超前地质预报方法的特点 ························································· 103
8.3.2 超前地质预报内容与手段 ······························································· 104
8.3.3 岩溶隧道风险分级与综合超前地质预报方案 ······································· 105
9. 杨家坡隧道总体施工方案（案例） ······························································· 106
9.1 施工技术方案······················································································ 106
9.1.1 洞口工程 ···················································································· 106
9.1.2 超前支护 ···················································································· 106
9.1.3 洞身开挖 ···················································································· 106
9.1.4 初期支护 ···················································································· 107
9.1.5 二次衬砌 ···················································································· 108
9.1.6 结构防、排水 ·············································································· 108
9.1.7 附属工程 ···················································································· 108
9.1.8 隧道测量方案 ·············································································· 109
9.1.9 超前地质预测预报 ········································································ 109
9.1.10 平导洞施工方案·········································································· 109
9.1.11 辅助作业施工方案······································································· 109
9.2 施工方法及工艺··················································································· 111
9.2.1 施工准备 ···················································································· 111
9.2.2 施工测量 ···················································································· 111
9.2.3 超前地质预测预报 ········································································ 112
9.2.4 洞口工程 ···················································································· 112
9.2.5 超前支护 ···················································································· 113
9.2.6 洞身开挖 ···················································································· 116
9.2.7 钻爆设计 ···················································································· 119
9.2.8 装砟、运输 ················································································· 123
9.2.9 初期支护 ···················································································· 123
9.2.10 结构防、排水············································································· 128
9.2.11 二次衬砌··················································································· 134
9.2.12 特殊部位施工············································································· 138
9.2.13 洞内附属工程············································································· 138
9.2.14 监控量测··················································································· 138
9.3 不良地质施工措施················································································ 141
9.3.1 人为坑洞（采空区）施工措施 ························································· 141
9.3.2 瓦斯段施工措施 ··········································································· 142
9.3.3 突泥涌水段施工 ··········································································· 151
10. 效益分析······························································································· 152
10.1 经济效益分析 ···················································································· 152
10.2 社会效益分析 ···················································································· 152
10.3 环保效益分析 ···················································································· 153
11. 取得的主要成果及创新点·········································································· 154
12. 技术展望······························································································· 155
参考文献···································································································· 157
Author
刘新福，男，1972年9月出生，中共党员，博士学历，硕士生导师，正高级工程师，一级注册建造师。荣获铁道部“火车头奖章”、山西省“五一”劳动奖章、“全国优秀项目经理” “国家优质工程突出贡献者” “茅以升科学技术奖——一级建造师奖”等荣誉称号。
2005年攻读中国科学院寒区与旱区环境与工程研究所攻读岩土工程专业博士学位，2009年获得博士学位，2011年受聘为中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所硕士生导师。自1997年参加工作以来，参加了晋阳高速公路、神延铁路、成乐高速公路、宝兰铁路、青藏铁路、京津城际轨道工程、京沪高铁、石家庄市二环路快速提升工程、新建南京至安庆铁路客运专线等重点工程项目建设；先后荣获甘肃省科技进步奖1项，河北省科技进步奖3项，铁道学会科技进步奖3项，主编有《岩溶隧道安全施工与灾害防治研究》《变质片岩长大隧道综合施工技术》《高速铁路轨道板制造与铺设》等著作。
Cip
Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) programme
Name(s): 刘新福 .
Title: 复杂地质条件下铁路高瓦斯隧道施工技术 / 刘新福 著 .
Description: Arts and Science Press Pte Ltd, Singapore, 2024.
Identifier: OCN 1452651597 | ISBN 978-981-94-0552-7 (paperback)
Subject(s): Construction Technology of Railway High Gas Tunnel under Complex Geological Conditions .|Construction Technology of Railway High Gas Tunnel .
BRN: 300070650
Classification: DDC 625.3--dc23
