Molecular Mechanism Research

Abstract The term "pyogenic infection" describes an infectious agent-induced localized inflammation and pus production caused by a buildup of dead leukocytes. 120 patients' specimens were gathered and grown on blood agar and MacCokey agar. Biochemical tests were used to identify colonies grown in these conditions, and subsequently their antibiotic susceptibility was examined. When combined with the patient's medical history, these data showed how common pyogenic infections were in BIHS General hospital, Dhaka. Within 86.67% of the Positive pyogenic infection were due to bacterial agents, with Staphylococcus aureus (23.07%), Escherichia coli (15.39%), Klebsiella (15.39%), Proteus (15.39%), Pseudomonas (7.69%), Enterococci (7.69%), Citrobacter (7.69%), Enterobacter (7.69%) being the major pathogens. Female was predominant than male which was 72 (60%) cases and 48 (40%) cases respectively. The most common age group for both the male and female groups was 40–60 years old, with 16 (13.33%) and 64 (53.33%) instances, respectively.  In conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus is the most often isolated bacterium following aerobic culture of pus. Nonetheless, there are fewer gram-positive cocci than gram-negative bacilli.

Abstract Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxyhydrogen (66% H 2 / 33% O 2 ) gases have been demonstrated to remediate the effects of numerous diseases in adults [1-4] . By acting as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agent, it is reported that H 2 can improve recovery through mitigating hyperinflammatory responses and reducing oxidative stress [5-7] . As the precise mechanisms of H 2 activity are currently undefined, the lack of primary target identification, coupled with difficulties regarding administration methods (e.g., dosage and dosage frequencies, and long-term effects of treatments), there is a requirement for H 2 research to evidence how it can reasonably and effectively, be incorporated into healthcare.

Abstract Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. It can also mean long-term problems with the metabolism of carbohydrates caused by insulin deficiency, which leads to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Weight gain is a common side effect of insulin therapy and other oral antidiabetic medications for diabetic patients, which can hinder their ability to meet strict glycemic targets and potentially reduce treatment success. Insulin-related weight gain is attributed to anabolic effects, appetite increases, and reduced glycosuria. Insulin therapy has been linked to increased cardiovascular risk and mortality in type 2 diabetes patients, as well as inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Large-scale evaluations suggest that insulin therapy has a poorer short- and long-term safety profile than other anti-T2D therapies. To treat diabetes, a variety of insulin formulations are available, each acting at a distinct pace. Whether they are long-acting, intermediate-acting, or rapid-acting, there are similar adverse effects to be mindful of. Weight gain, injection site responses, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) are common side effects of insulin. Lipodystrophy, or improper fat distribution, and limb edema are uncommon adverse effects of insulin. When it comes to insulin introduction, titration, and follow-up treatment, doctors can manage patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus more effectively by employing simple algorithms. Primary care doctors and other medical professionals can manage patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus more easily by using streamlined insulin introduction and titration protocols.

Abstract Introduction: Plants are rich in biologically active compounds, including morphine, digitalis, quinine, Nicotine and muscarine, used in both natural and synthetic drugs. Recent clinically useful plants include paclitaxel, artemisinin, and vinblastin. Secondary metabolites contribute to modern drugs, antibiotics, vitamins, and hormones. Materials and Methods: The study investigates the phytochemical constituents of Solanum sisymbriifolium leaves' ethanol extract using various methods. It identifies secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones. The study also employed a thin layer chromatography (TLC) method for compounddetection and identification. This provides valuable insights into plant extract chemistry. Results: The ethanol extract of Sol anum sisymbriifolium was subjected to phytochemical screening to identify various phytoconstituents. The extract showed positive results for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and anthraquinones. The total flavonoid content of the plant extract was 266.34±33.22, while the total phenolic content was 119.69±2.70. The antioxidant test with DPPH showed that the IC50 value of ascorbic acid (AA) increased with the increase of concentration but remained almost constant over time. The reducing power activity test showed that the absorbance of the plant extract increased with different concentrations but remained almost constant with respect to concentration. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was conducted on different solvent systems, showing different polarity and Rf values. The Rf values increased with the increase of polarity, indicating that the separated compounds have more affinity for the comparative polar mobile phase. The Rf values also increased with the increase of polarity, indicating that the compounds have more affinity for the comparative polar mobile phase. Conclusion: Medicinal plants, like Solanum sisymbriifolium leaves, have antioxidant activity for disease management. Further investigation is needed to isolate and characterize these compounds, assess their preventive role against free radicals.