Standardized development of an AKG–PQQ–Agaricus bisporus composition for mitochondrial function
Nour-Eddine Ziraoui
National Standards Laboratory SA
Nicolas Girard
National Standards Laboratory SA
Maximilian Wagner
National Standards Laboratory SA
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/pest.v8i2.14491
Keywords: AKG; PQQ; agaricus bisporus; ergothioneine; mitochondrial function; formulation standardization; Swiss provenance; traceability
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial decline is a central feature of biological aging. A formulation combining alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), and Agaricus bisporus extract may simultaneously support energy metabolism, mitochondrial signaling, and oxidative balance. Methods: Three disclosed embodiments and one comparative formulation were assessed. We retained the core formulation ranges, ingredient-retention values, and comparative mitochondrial indices, and interpreted them together with selected literature on AKG, PQQ, ergothioneine, beta-glucans, and standards-oriented analytical control. Results: Across the three embodiments, AKG retention remained 98.6%-98.9%, PQQ 98.9%- 99.2%, and Agaricus extract 98.4%-98.8%, whereas the comparator without Agaricus extract showed lower AKG and PQQ retention at 92.2% and 92.8%. All three embodiments also showed higher membrane-potential indices and lower reactive-oxygen-species indices than the comparator, with Embodiment 3 giving the strongest overall profile. Conclusion: The composition is best understood as a standardized mitochondrial-support system defined by coordinated ingredient design, high retention, and reproducible formulation logic rather than by generic ingredient stacking.
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