Probe - Environmental Science and Technology

Abstract A two-dimensional computational wave flume was developed in ANSYS Fluent to examine the generation, propagation, and attenuation of regular waves imposed through a second-order Stokes inlet condition. The air-water interface was captured with the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method, and a downstream momentum-damping zone was used to reduce outlet reflection. The 120 m long, 9 m high flume had a still-water depth of 5 m and was discretized with 17,280 structured quadrilateral cells refined near the mean free surface. For a nominal wave height of 0.50 m and period of 2.50 s, the wave-gauge records exhibited a stable dominant period of approximately 2.5-2.6 s. The developed wave height was approximately 0.42- 0.48 m at x = 5-15 m but decreased to 0.14-0.16 m at x = 95 m, corresponding to a reduction of about 60- 70%. These results demonstrate stable temporal periodicity near the inlet but also substantial downstream attenuation. Consequently, grid/time-step convergence, analytical or experimental validation, and a quantitative reflection analysis are required before the model is used for wave-load prediction.

Abstract Modern Western physics has formed a unified judgment on the composition of the Earth, neutrons and protons. Geophysical research splits the planet into three concentric layers: Core, mantle and crust; particle physics further claims nucleons are constructed by up and down quarks with fractional electric charges. Drawing on the ancient Chinese philosophical system of Yi Learning, this paper restudies the internal structures of such microscopic and macroscopic matter, drawing deductions that differ greatly from prevailing Western physical theories. Relying on the Three Talents rule and Six Harmonies reasoning recorded in Yi classics, the paper puts forward a new composition model: Neutrons and protons are formed by five basic elementary units, namely Metal Quark, Wood Quark, Earth Quark, Fire Polariton and Water Polariton. There exists an obvious divide between Eastern Yi-based analysis and Western physical explanation for material structures. To facilitate academic exchange and collective verification, this paper is submitted for joint discussion by relevant scholars.

Abstract This study distinguishes shared features of iron and steel industrial heritage from the culturally distinctive configurations of individual enterprises. Four cases—Hanyang Iron Works, Ansteel, Chongqing Iron and Steel, and Tangsteel—Are compared through technological genealogy, production networks, historical turning points, labour organization, and enterprise–city relations. The findings show that furnaces, converters, workshops, railways, and metallic materials are mainly sector-wide resources rather than cultural genes in themselves. Distinctiveness lies in historically formed relationships connecting technology, space, events, labour, and social memory. The four cases respectively represent technology introduction and resource integration, integrated production and national industrial-base construction, wartime relocation and reorganization, and converter development combined with post-earthquake recovery. A three-stage path—Common-dimension extraction, case-relationship comparison, and multi-source verification—Is proposed for traceable identification and subsequent heritage interpretation and design transformation.

Abstract Early warning and targeted crackdown on agricultural land crimes are crucial to China's food security and ecological civilization strategies. Revealing the spatial patterns and driving factors of such crimes is essential for governance decisions. Using judicial data from 2015 to 2024 on China Judgments Online for Jiangsu Province, this study employed spatial autocorrelation analysis and the GeoDetector model to explore these patterns and factors. The results indicated that: (1) crimes in Jiangsu exhibited significant spatial agglomeration, with hotspots in the northwestern and southwestern regions and low-risk areas in the central and eastern parts; (2) slope was the primary driving factor, followed by socioeconomic activities and landscape characteristics of farmland and built-up land; and (3) interactions among driving factors showed synergistic enhancement effects. Consequently, prevention measures should account for natural conditions, human activities, and landscape patterns to mitigate these effects and improve governance efficiency.

Abstract With the continuous advancement of urban renewal, the problem of aging and deteriorating underground pipeline infrastructure has become increasingly prominent. The traditional excavation repair method causes significant disturbance, has a long construction period, and incurs high social costs. The existing minimally invasive repair techniques such as the inner lining method and spraying method have defects such as large material loss, severe reduction in inner diameter after repair, and insufficient sealing performance when dealing with local damage, irregular pipe sections, and narrow space conditions. To address these engineering challenges, this paper proposes an expansion method for minimally invasive pipeline repair: prefabricated expandable repair units are transported to the damaged location of the pipeline, and through an electric heating coupling chemical triggering method, the units expand fully in the pipe and closely adhere to the pipe wall, forming a continuous and dense reinforcement layer, achieving the sealing of local defects such as cracks and holes and the reinforcement of the structure. A multi-diameter indoor model test platform was established in this paper, and repair performance tests were systematically conducted under different pipe diameters, damage types, and expansion material formulations. Multi-dimensional effect evaluations were carried out around the adhesion degree of the repair layer, inner diameter loss, compressive strength, water resistance performance, interface bonding force, long-term durability, and construction efficiency. The test results show that this process is suitable for municipal pipelines with diameters ranging from DN200 to DN600, with an inner diameter loss of less than 5% after repair; the anti-seepage pressure of the repair layer is ≥ 0.8 MPa, and the interface bonding strength meets the design standards for municipal pipeline engineering; compared with the traditional CIPP inner lining method, the overall construction period is shortened by approximately 40%. The research results can provide a low-cost, high-efficiency, and highly adaptable technical solution for the precise non-digging maintenance of urban underground pipelines, and have important engineering application value and theoretical reference significance.