Planetary Health - Forest Fires in Chongqing
Hanying Huang
The School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Queensland 4072
Amy Hickman
The School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Queensland 4072
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/pest.v4i4.6004
Keywords: Health Promotion; Forest Fires; Ottawa Charter; China
Abstract
The World Health Organization introduced planetary health concept. That is, the planet's health is inextricably linked to human health. The recent spate of forest fires is a warning to take action against climate warming. This study explores the relationship between forest fires and human health and summarizes health promotion's role in forest fires in Chongqing from the perspective of the Ottawa Charter.
References
[1] Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, Boltz F, Capon AG, Dias BF de S, et al. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health. The Lancet. 2015 Nov
14;386(10007):1973–2028. [2] Horton R, Lo S. Planetary health: a new science for exceptional action. The Lancet. 2015 Nov 14;386(10 007):1921–2 [3] Rollins MG, Keane RE, Parsons RA. Mapping Fuels and Fire Regimes Using Remote Sensing, Ecosystem Simulation, and Gradient Modeling. Ecol Appl. 2004;14(1):75–95. [4] Perry DA, Hessburg PF, Skinner CN, Spies TA, Stephens SL, Taylor AH, et al. The ecology of mixed severity fire
regimes in Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. For Ecol Manag. 2011 Sep 1;262(5):703–17. [5] Raymond CL, McKenzie D. Carbon dynamics of forests in Washington, USA: 21st century projections based on
climate-driven changes in fire regimes. Ecol Appl. 2012;22(5):1589–611. [6] Sibold JS, Veblen TT, González ME. Spatial and temporal variation in historic fire regimes in subalpine forests across the Colorado Front Range in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. J Biogeogr. 2006;33(4):631–47. [7] Chang Y, Zhu Z, Bu R, Li Y, Hu Y. Environmental controls on the characteristics of mean number of forest fires and mean forest area burned (1987–2007) in China. For Ecol Manag. 2015 Nov 15;356:13–21. [8] Liu Y, Stanturf J, Goodrick S. Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate. For Ecol Manag. 2010 Feb
5;259(4):685–97. [9] Canadell JG, Meyer CPM, Cook GD, Dowdy A, Briggs PR, Knauer J, et al. Multi-decadal increase of forest burned area
in Australia is linked to climate change. Nat Commun. 2021 Nov 26;12(1):6921. [10] Zheng R, Tan M. Over 20,000 People Devoted to Extinguishing Fires in Chongqing [Internet]. iChongqing. 2022 [cited
2022 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www.ichongqing. info/2022/08 /27/over-200 00-people-dev oted-to-extingu
ishing-fires-in-chongqing/. [11] McCarthy SD. Wildfires rage as China’s Chongqing suffers unrelenting record heat wave [Internet]. CNN. 2022 [cited
2022 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/ 23/china/ china-heat- wave-chongqing- wildfiresintl-hnk/index.html. [12] Wu Z, Yan S, He L, Shan Y. Spatiotemporal changes in forest loss and its linkage to burned areas in China. J For Res. 2020 Dec 1;31(6):2525–36. [13] Tian XR, Zong XZ, Shu LF, Wang MY, Zhao FJ. [Impacts of ENSO events on forest fire weather of China]. Ying Yong
Sheng Tai Xue Bao J Appl Ecol. 2020 May;31(5):1487–95. [14] Zong X, Tian X, Yao Q, Brown PM, Zong X, Tian X, et al. An analysis of fatalities from forest fires in China, 1951–2018. Int J Wildland Fire. 2022 Apr 4;31(5):507–17. [15] Zhang JH, Yao FM, Liu C, Yang LM, Boken VK. Detection, emission estimation and risk prediction of forest fires in China using satellite sensors and simulation models in the past three decades--an overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Aug;8(8):3156–78. [16] Yang Y, Yuan X, Li B, Sun R, Wang Q. Characteristics and significance of the remnant evergreen broad-leaved forest in
the urban area of Chongqing, China. Biodivers Sci. 2007 May 20;15(3):247. [17] McKinney ML. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv. 2006 Jan 1;127(3):247–60. [18] McKinney ML. Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation: The impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly
studied, but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in
all ecosystems. BioScience. 2002 Oct 1;52(10):883–90. [19] Wotton BM, Nock CA, Flannigan MD, Wotton BM, Nock CA, Flannigan MD. Forest fire occurrence and climate
change in Canada. Int J Wildland Fire. 2010 May 13; 19(3): 253–71. [20] China battles forest fire in Chongqing region [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 17]. Available from: https://news.yahoo.com/china-battles-forest-fire-chongqing-092053191.html. [21] Tone S. Volunteers Band Together to Help Battle Wildfires in Chongqing [Internet]. #SixthTone. 2022 [cited 2022 Sep
17]. Available from: https://www.sixthtone.com/news/ 1011076/https% 3A%2F% 2Fwww. sixthtone. com% 2Fnews%
2F1011076%2Fvolunteers-band-together-to-help-battle-wildfires-in-chongqing.
[22] Scott JL. For Gods, Ghosts and Ancestors: The Chinese Tradition of Paper Offerings [Internet]. Hong Kong: Hong
Kong University Press, HKU; 2007 [cited 2022 Sep 17]. Available from: http://muse.jhu.edu/book/5617. [23] China moves to ban burning joss paper to cut pollution and help the environment, but many say it disrespects tradition |
South China Morning Post [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 17]. Available from: https://www .scmp.com /news/people- culture/article/3127005/china-moves- ban-burning-joss-paper-cut-pollution-and-help
[24] Guo J, Han G, Xie Y, Cai Z, Zhao Y. Exploring the relationships between urban spatial form factors and land surface
temperature in mountainous area: A case study in Chongqing city, China. Sustain Cities Soc. 2020 Oct 1;61:102286. [25] Yang Y, Fujihara M, Li B, Yuan X, Hara K, Da L, et al. Structure and diversity of remnant natural evergreen
broad-leaved forests at three sites affected by urbanization in Chongqing metropolis, Southwest China. Landsc Ecol Eng. 2014 Jan 1;10(1):137–49. [26] To P, Eboreime E, Agyapong VIO. The Impact of Wildfires on Mental Health: A Scoping Review. Behav Sci Basel
Switz. 2021 Sep 21;11(9):126. [27] Chongqing Municipality battles wildfires amid extreme heat [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 17]. Available from: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-08-25/Chongqing-Municipality- battles-wildfires-amid-extreme-heat-1cN5BUUTxVC/index.html. [28] Patra PK, Ishizawa M, Maksyutov S, Nakazawa T, Inoue G. Role of biomass burning and climate anomalies for
land-atmosphere carbon fluxes based on inverse modeling of atmospheric CO2. Glob Biogeochem Cycles [Internet]. 2005
[cited 2022 Sep 18];19(3). Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2004GB002258. [29] Boschetti L, Roy DP. Defining a fire year for reporting and analysis of global interannual fire variability. J Geophys Res Biogeosciences [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 Sep 18]; 113(G3). Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2008JG000686[30] Luo C, Shen Z, Li Y, Han J, Pausas JG, Xu Q, et al. Determinants of post–fire regeneration demography in a subtropical monsoon–climate forest in Southwest China. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Apr 20;766:142605. [31] Salamanca M, Chandía C, Hernández A. Impact of forest fires on the concentrations of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in coastal waters of central Chile. Sci Total Environ. 2016 Dec 15;573:1397–405. [32] Chinese motorcyclists join wildfire battle. BBC News [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 18]; Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-62770119. [33] “True Heroes of the City”: Sparks of Patriotism as Firefighters Contain Chongqing Wildfire [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep
[34] Culture in Chongqing, Chongqing Local Culture. [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 18]. Available from: https://www.chinaculturetour.com/chongqing/culture.htm
[35] Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern China and southeastern Siberia - Cahoon - 1994 - Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 18]. Available from: https://agupubs-onlinelibrary-wiley- com.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1029/94JD01024. [36] Fire Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. :14. [37] Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 20]. Available
from:https://english.mee.gov.cn/Resources/laws/envir_elatedlaws/202102/t20210207_820735.shtml. [38] Wang M, Feng C. How will the greening policy contribute to China’s greenhouse gas emission mitigation? A
non-parametric forecast. Environ Res. 2021 Apr;195:110779. [39] Yan V, Tan M. To Develop More Quality New Energy Vehicles in 2022 丨 Chongqing Two Sessions [Internet]. iChongqing. 2022 [cited 2022 Sep 20]. Available from: https://www .ichongqing.info/ 2022/01/20/to- develop-more- quality-new-energy-vehicles-in-2022%e4%b8%a8chongqing-two-sessions/