Uskudar Emotional Wisdom Scale (USEWS) validity and reliability studies and examining psychometric properties
Abstract
Without emotions, people cannot express themselves. In our age, Wisdom Psychology has gained importance as a methodology that reveals the importance of meaning and inquiry skills. It is evident that emotions should be reconsidered from a multidimensional existential perspective. Emotional Wisdom brought about the questioning of some new skills and created the need for a new measurement tool to obtain concrete data. In this study, it was aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure emotional wisdom and to contribute to the related literature by performing its first psychometric analysis. Quantitative methodology was used in this study. The research sample consisted of 1300 volunteer participants from across Turkey. As a result of the validity and reliability studies, a 6-factor scale named Uskudar Emotional Wisdom Scale (USEWS) emerged. The internal consistency reliability coefficient Cronbach Alpha value of the scale, which explained 51.87% of the total variance, was found to be .88. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale resulted in acceptable goodness-of-fit values. In the criterion validity study, it was found to be related to the Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (r=.60). In the first psychometric examinations conducted with effect analyzes, men’s emotional wisdom scores were found to be high and of medium effect (d=0.38; >0.2
References
1. Brackett, M.A., R.M. Warner, and J.S. Bosco, Emotional intelligence and relationship quality among couples. Personal relationships, 2005. 12(2): p. 197-212.
2. Di Fabio, A. and M.E. Kenny, Promoting well-being: The contribution of emotional intelligence. Frontiers in psychology, 2016. 7: p. 1182.
3. Sarrionandia, A. and M. Mikolajczak, A meta-analysis of the possible behavioral and biological variables linking trait emotional intelligence to health. Health Psychology Review, 2020. 14(2): p. 220-244.
4. Tarhan, N., Ç. Demirsoy, and A. Tutgun-Ünal, Measuring the Awareness Levels of Individuals with Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders: Tertiary Prevention Standards and Development of Uskudar Result Awareness and Harm Perception Scales. Brain Sciences, 2023a. 13(6): p. 901.
5. Tarhan, N., et al., Social Media Addiction of High School Students: Üsküdar District Sample in Turkey. J Addict Addictv Disord., 2023b. 10(2): p. 1-13.
6. Tarhan, N. and S. Nurmedov, Addiction: Coping with virtual or real addiction. 7 ed. 2019: Timaş Publishing.
7. Yip, J.A., et al., Follow your gut? Emotional intelligence moderates the association between physiologically measured somatic markers and risk-taking. Emotion, 2020. 20(3): p. 462.
8. Ciarrochi, J., F.P. Deane, and S. Anderson, Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality and individual differences, 2002. 32(2): p. 197-209.
9. Tarhan, N., Psychology of Emotions and Emotional Intelligence. 23 ed. 2019: Timaş Publishing.
10. Donaldson, S.I., M. Dollwet, and M.A. Rao, Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: Examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2015. 10: p. 185-195.
11. Kern, M.L., et al., Systems informed positive psychology. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2019. 2019: p. 1-11.
12. Seligman, M.E.P., Flourish. 2011, New York: Simon & Schuster.
13. Seligman, M.E.P., Positive psychology: A personal history. Annual review of clinical psychology, 2019. 15: p. 1-23.
14. Seligman, M.E.P. and C. Peterson, Positive clinical psychology. In L. G. 2003: Aspinwall & U. M. .
15. Tarhan, N., Positive psychology and psychotherapy in addiction, in Addiction diagnosis and treatment basic book, N. Dilbaz, et al., Editors. 2021a, Nobel Medical Bookstores: Ankara-Turkey. p. 419.
16. Tarhan, N., Psychology of Wisdom 1. 2022a: Timaş Publishing.
17. Tarhan, N., Psychology of Wisdom 2. 2022b: Timaş Publishing.
18. Püsküllüoğlu, A., Turkish dictionary. 2007: Can Publishing.
19. Tanrıdağ, O., Introduction to Basic Brain Knowledge and Neurobehavioral Syndromes. 2015: Nobel Medical Bookstore.
20. Tarhan, N. and A. Tutgun-Ünal, Uskudar Life Meaning and Goals Scale Validity and Reliability Studies. The Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences-JNBS, 2022. 9(2): p. 58-67.
21. LeDoux, J.E., Emotion and the amygdala. 1992.
22. Goleman, D., The brain and emotional intelligence: New insights (Vol. 94). 2011: More than sound.
23. Bacanlı, H., Development and Learning. 2001, Ankara-Turkey: Nobel Publishing.
24. Özgüven, İ.E., Psychological Tests. 1998, Ankara- Turkey: Pdrem Publishing.
25. Aiken, L.R., Psychological Testing and Assessment 4ed. 1985: Allyn and Bacon.
26. Kulaksızoğlu, A., Adolescence Psychology. 1999, Istanbul-Turkey: Remzi Bookstore.
27. Solomon, B., K. Powell, and H. Gardner, Multiple intelligences. Encyclopedia of creativity, 1999. 2: p. 273-283.
28. Boyatzis, R.E., D. Goleman, and Hay/McBer., Emotional competence inventory. 1999: Hay/McBer Group.
29. Mayer, J.D. and Y.N. Gaschke, The experience and meta-experience of mood. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1988. 55(1): p. 102.
30. Weisinger, H., Emotional intelligence in business life. 1998, Istanbul-Turkey: MNS Publishing.
31. Goleman, D., Emotional intelligence. Why it can matter more than IQ. Learning, 1996. 24(6): p. 49-50.
32. Salovey, P., A. Woolery, and J.D. Mayer, Emotional intelligence: Conceptualization and measurement, in Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes. 2001. p. 279-307.
33. Tice, D.M., E. Bratslavsky, and R.F. Baumeister, Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it! Journal of personality and social psychology, 2001. 80(1): p. 53.
34. Shaffer, G.L., Emotional Intelligence: An Introduction, in In Emotional Intelligence and Critical Thinking for Library Leaders. 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.
35. MacCann, C., et al., Emotional intelligence predicts academic performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 2020. 146(2): p. 150.
36. Moeller, R.W., M. Seehuus, and V. Peisch, Emotional intelligence, belongingness, and mental health in college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020. 11: p. 93.
37. Durlak, J.A., et al., The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta‐analysis of school‐based universal interventions. Child development, 2011. 82(1): p. 405-432.
38. Puertas Molero, P., et al., Emotional intelligence in the field of education: a meta-analysis. Anales de psicología / Annals of psychology, 2020. 36(1): p. 84-91.
39. Shaffer, J., Neuroplasticity and positive psychology in clinical practice: A review for combined benefits. Psychology, 2012. 3(12): p. 1110.
40. Mayer, J.D., P. Salovey, and D.R. Caruso, Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT) item booklet. 2002.
41. Bar-On, R., EQ-I BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Technical Manual. 2001, Toronto: Nulti-Health Systems.
42. Mumcuoğlu, Ö., Turkish linguistic equivalence, reliability and validity study of the Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Test, in Institute of Education Sciences. 2002, Marmara University: Istanbul-Turkey.
43. Karabulut, A., Emotional intelligence: Baron scale adaptation, in Institute of Educational Sciences. 2012, DEU: Turkey.
44. Schutte, N.S., et al., Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 1998. 25(2): p. 167-177.
45. Austin, E.J., et al., Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.’s (1998) measure. Pers Indiv Differ 2004. 36(3): p. 555-62.
46. Tatar, A., S. Tok, and G. Saltukoğlu, Adaptation of the Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale into Turkish and examination of its psychometric properties. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2011. 21(4): p. 325-338.
47. Petrides, K.V. and A. Furnham, On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and individual differences, 2000. 29(2): p. 313-320.
48. Deniz, M.E., E. Özer, and E. Işık, Emotional intelligence trait scale–short form: validity and reliability study. Education and Science, 2013. 38(169).
49. Pekaar, K.A., et al., Self- and other-focused emotional intelligence: Development and validation of the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale (REIS). Personality and Individual Differences, 2018. 120: p. 222-233.
50. Tanrıöğen, A. and Y. Türker, Factor structure, validity and reliability study of the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale Turkish Form. Pamukkale University Faculty of Education Journal, 2019: p. 1-18.
51. Vatan, S., Validity and reliability study of the Emotional Skills and Competence Scale in a Turkish sample. Clinical Psychiatry, 2015. 18: p. 97-106.
52. Totan, T., E. İkiz, and R. Karaca, Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Single and Four-Factor Structure of the Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale by Adapting it to Turkish. Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Buca Faculty of Education, 2010. 28: p. 71-95.
53. Ekşi, H., E. Tuncer, and A. Avcu, Adaptation of the Social Emotional Competence Questionnaire (SDQA) into Turkish: Validity and reliability study. 2019.
54. Plancı, M., et al., Validity and reliability study of Emotional Literacy Scale Validity and reliability study of Emotional Literacy Scale. Journal of Human Sciences, 2014. 11(1): p. 481-494.
55. Tavşancıl, E. and A.E. Aslan, Content analysis and application examples for verbal, written and other materials. 2001: Epsilon.
56. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Manual of data analysis for social sciences. 2018: Pegem Citation Index.
57. Sharma, S., Applied Multivariate Techniques. 1996: John Wiley&Sons Inc.
58. Tinsley, H. and D. Tinsley, Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research. J Couns Psychol. , 1987. 34(4): p. 414-424.
59. Tarhan, N., Women Psychology. 2021, Istanbul-Turkey: Timaş Publishing.
60. Christakis, N.A. and J.H. Fowler, The surprising power of social networks and their impact on shaping our lives. 2012, Istanbul-Turkey: Varlık Publishing.
61. Tarhan, N. Social media has turned into a psychological battlefield. 2021b; Available from: https://uskudar.edu.tr/tr/icerik/6349/sosyal-medya-psikolojik-savas-alanina-donustu.
62. Tutgun-Ünal, A., Effects of social media and strategies to create emotional impact, in Psychological Warfare, Post-Truth and Strategic Communication, C.İ. Yılmaz, Editor. 2022, Necmettin Erbakan University Publishing. p. 149.
63. Tarhan, N. and A. Tutgun-Ünal, Validity and reliability studies of the Uskudar Benevolence and Malevolence Scale (USBEMA) in the digital age. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2022. 21(3): p. 101-113.
64. Tutgun-Ünal, A. and L. Deniz, Investigation of social media addiction of university students. Route Educational and Social Science Journal (RESSJOURNAL), 2016. 3(2): p. 155-181.
65. Deniz, L. and A. Tutgun-Ünal, The adaptation of generalized problematic internet use scale 2 (GPIUS 2) into Turkish: Validity and reliability studies. The Journal of Academic Social Science (ASOSJOURNAL), 2016. 4(23): p. 7-20.
66. Güleç, V., Family relations, social media, along with the collapse. e-Journal of New Media, 2018. 2(2): p. 105-120.
The authors shall retain the copyright of their work but allow the Publisher to publish, copy, distribute, and convey the work.
All articles published by the Environment and Social Psychology are licensed under the Creative Commons International Licenses. Without any explicit request from the corresponding author during submission stage, a paper will be published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) by default since 2023 Vol.8 No.2. The authors who would like to publish their work under a noncommercial license, i.e., Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), they should express explicit request during the submission stage. Please include statement below in the Comments for the Editor column on the submission page:
The contributors or authors for this submission entitled “[MANUSCRIPT TITLE]”, i.e. [NAMES of ALL AUTHORS], have given their consents to alter the Creative Commons license to *CC BY-NC 4.0* under which this submission will be published in Environment and Social Psychology.
